External and Internal Environments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External and Internal Environments - Assignment Example Since the amalgamation and formation of The ExxonMobil Corporation, growth has been significant and implicit to the outstanding performance and competence in the petroleum field of business. The market leadership performance is relative to investment initiatives by the corporation to improve on the environmental factors with the aim of propulsion towards achieving the target objectives (Cooper, 2006). The following entails Exxon’s general and competitive forces, the future forecasts, the opportunities and threats, strengths and weaknesses and the company’s vale prepositions emanating from the key competences. The economic and technological segments of the general environment in reference to the Exxon Corporation The multinational corporation ranks first among the six petroleum giants across the globe. The continuous performance and unchallenged growth emanates from the direct and successful investment of the corporation’s surplus revenue. In close relation to the investments, the corporation values the other segments in the general environment, for example investing in community welfare programs and initiatives that focus on creating environmentally friendly programs (Hogan & Sturzenegger, 2010). These attributes are propellants to the skyrocketing demand with the corporation investing heavily to the required supply and cater to the demand. The future prospects in relation to inclination of demand and supply of oil products signify a state of inelasticity as the forecasted population by the year 2040 shall total at 9 billion, a factor implicating the demand of fuel and energy. With these forecasts, the corporation insists on a continuous investment program in revamping the petroleum projects throughout the affiliated companies (Cooper, 2006). The petroleum field of production is sensitive to technology in resolution to the growing urge of environmentally friendly programs. With the increased threat of global warming, the world reflects emph ases on industrial operations and goods that cause little or no harm to the environment. The ExxonMobil Corporation forecasts on the future use of energy in accordance to the increased population. Therefore, the corporation indulges in a continuous technological improvement to produce enough of the required petroleum products (Hogan & Sturzenegger, 2010). Production of alternative energy products that reflect to the general environment is the key to Exxon’s penetration to other global economies despite the political, legal, social and cultural constraints. The essence is that the economic and technological approaches of the corporation are implicit of the inclined performance of the multinational’s operations and competence. Forces of competition In accordance to Michael Porter’s competitive forces analyses, the main factors of consideration in relation to competition reflect on the new entrants in the market, extent of substitution, the power of buyers and supp liers, and the existing relations among the present competitors. The petroleum industry stands vulnerable to the threat of competition forces. With the increased demand of petroleum products, manufacturers result into production of bio-fuels to supplement the crude oil levels and production capacity. This factor implicates to the threat of substitution of the crude by the bio-fuel as well as creating a

The Development of the Irish Social Policy Essay Example for Free

The Development of the Irish Social Policy Essay Social policies are widely embraced by countries to support their cause for economic development. This is considered vital in the progress of the country because it concerns itself with the interventions that concerns living conditions of the people and other factors that promote human welfare. It is described as public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor† (Webber, 1969). European countries have been instrumental in making necessary social policies that promotes equality and access to opportunities to its people. In fact, it is stated in the Law of the European Union, particularly in the Social Chapter, to promote the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation. As compared to the social policies in the United States and Canada that focuses on morality issues, European social policies take into consideration access to different arrays of factors that affect social conditions: health care, housing, pension and many others. However, social policy itself has experienced much change through the years. This made possible by the different calls of development through generations. Much story can be seen in the evolution of social policy in Ireland. Like any abovementioned causes of social policy, Ireland has also responded on the call of providing human welfare to its population. The development of social policy in Ireland has been much affected by its own development in history. The turn of social policy has been mostly attributed on the shift of Ireland to a Free State and Republic status after major economic downturns in the 1920s. The remnants of the civil war have brought about high unemployment in the country. Maura Adshead mentioned in her book, the Roman Catholic Church was a catalyst in controlling the social policy issues that time. It employed a very conservative approach, mostly focusing on morality issues. At the same time, the Church has control over the provision of social services like schools and hospitals. But much has even changed in Ireland’s social policy from the time it declared to be a republic in 1949 till it sought admission to the European Union community in the 1960s. Much economic restructuring has been focused on the economy. One of the major turns in social policy is the introduction of free secondary education in 1968. As the Irish economy continues to recuperate with the help of investments from the European Union, Ireland then began to embrace more liberal social policies, like legalizing divorce. It has drawn criticism from the dominant Roman Catholic Church. Despite the liberal move to social policies, one of the considered distinct turns of social policy in Ireland was the inclusion of partnerships in the strategy of social policy. As social exclusions has been a pressing problem in the European countries, including Ireland, local partnerships with public, private and community organizations has been strengthened to combat problems of poverty and unemployment. Earlier, the concept of poverty was a financial responsibility of people. Frederick Powell states in his book, The Politics of Social Policy, if a certain population is on the state of poverty, they are branded to be â€Å"socially or economically useless†. But much has changed when the concept of partnerships in social policies has emerged. It has given a multi-dimensional view, on poverty for example. Poverty now is perceived as both subjective and objective. Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (Townsend, 1979). However, this perception is not only limited to poverty. Social exclusion may also be applied to the lack of access to social services that are vital to the human welfare. During the time that Ireland separated to the United Kingdom, the theme was into survival rather providing the social services that are needed by the people. This is brought about the lack of funds to institute services like health care and insurance. However, the first â€Å"beneficiaries† of the social provisions were the retired or unemployed workers. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 and the National Insurance Act of 1911 gave minimal amount to social protection, however it all focused only on the monetary aspect of poverty (Stokes, 2009). Progressing on its republic state, Ireland began to explore on other social services like health and maternal care. However, almost of these provisions became ill-fated because of some opposition to the views of the Church. For instance, Keeley Stokes also mentioned in her paper that the Mother and Child Service of 1950 has not been successful in providing free maternal health care for mothers and children of 16 years and above because the Church perceived this as a pathway to abortion and birth control rights. The rest of other social policy provisions have been a reason for political opportunities as well, so the development of these interventions became incremental. Towards the 20th century, when poverty before was believed to be a factor of ineptitude in the part of the people, the Irish social policy has geared itself to be promoting to a holistic and responsible citizenship. Ireland’s inclusion to the European Union made it reflect on understanding the real score of poverty. Institutionalizing the solution of poverty was gone, rather incorporating a broader perspective in solving it was the new strategy. This meant focusing on health care and equal opportunities for all. Poverty was not only mainly monetary, but it involves other different supporting factors. At present, health care is a public entity in Ireland, in which people are entitled to all child health and maternity services for free. The major drawback of the social policy in Ireland is on the issue of equality. Most of the criticisms underlie on the high level of unemployment in Ireland. Income determination has been still a root of inequality. The people with their own interests will still dominate most of the problems of unemployment (O’Donnell, 1997). Nevertheless, under the social partnership structure, Ireland’s social policy must overcome the politics surrounding it so it can better deliver social provisions to its people. Bibliography Adshead, M. , Tonge, J. (2009). Politics in Ireland: Convergence and Divergence in a Two-Polity Island (Comparative Government and Politics). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ODonnell, R. (1993). Ireland and Europe: Challenges for a New Century (Policy research). New York: Economic Social Research Institute. Powell, F. (1992). The Politics of Irish Social Policy 1600-1900. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. Stokes, K. W. , (2009, April 2) A Historical Analysis of Social Policy in Ireland: Punctuated Equilibrium and the Role of Ideas. Retrieved from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p362730_index. html. Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Webber, M. M. (1969). The social context for transport policy. Washington: U. S. G. P. O.

I have read five short stories from the anthology Out of the Darkness :: English Literature

I have read five short stories from the anthology 'Out of the Darkness' - From the five stories I will be discussing the treatment of the women in three of the stories. For my prose coursework, I have read five short stories from the anthology 'Out of the Darkness'. From the five stories I will be discussing the treatment of the women in three of the stories. The three stories I have chosen are 'Invisible Boy', 'More Than Just A Disease' and 'The Darkness Out There'. In the story 'The Darkness Out There', the old lady, whose name is 'Mrs Rutter', is portrayed by the writer as a woman with a 'wonky leg' and a 'bad back' and also a woman that is getting 'home help'; this shows that she is a woman that is unable to do much practical work. This is a stereotype of an old person as most old people have some sort of problem with their body and a bad back is typical problem. Mrs Rutter getting home help is another stereotype because this also shows that she is unable to cope on her own and needs assistance with doing household chores. Mrs Rutter is shown as a lonely person because in the story the girl who is going to help her with the chores says to herself ' Mrs Rutter will be ever so pleased to meet me'. This is a stereotype in the form that the girl is assuming that most old people are lonely and live by themselves. Mrs Rutter is described as being a sweet woman and having chin upon chin also she is shown to like flowers, dresses and talking to other females; this is the most obvious stereotype in the story against women and also old people who like to talk. When we first meet Mrs Rutter she greets the two children 'Kerry' and 'Sandra' and offers them tea, but she seems to like Sandra more because she talks to Sandra a lot more about dresses, boyfriends and flowers, but when she speaks Kerry she ask's him if he is still at school and he says he will be leaving soon to join a garage and she replies, 'that's good steady money if you'd haven't got anything got any thing special in mind'. This is not a great welcoming message to say to a person that has come to help you with chores. 'Pat' the woman who runs the good neighbours club call's Mrs Rutter an 'old dear' and a 'poppet', it is unlike an old dear to greet someone in that fashion. When Mrs Rutter told her dark story of her past about leaving a young

Classification of the Tea Party Movement Essay

The Tea Party movement appears to be a rather unique entity. There is much confusion as to the exact classification of the Tea Party movement. Are they a political party, an interest group, or a social movement? Even after countless internet searches a definitive answer was seemingly nowhere to be found. There are three possible classifications of the Tea Party movement that will be explored. As well as information on which of the three systems would be the more effective route for the movement to take and why that route would be the most effective. This should paint a clearer picture of the Tea Party movement and their actual classification. The first look will be at whether or not the Tea Party is a political party, an interest group, or a social movement. And then at what would have been the more effective approach and why that approach would have been more effective. The hope is that by the end of this, the reader will have a better idea of the Tea Party movement’s positio n as a social movement and why a becoming a separate political party would have been their most effective approach. Is the Tea Party movement a political party, an interest group, or a social movement? Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science defines a political party as â€Å"a group of officials or would be officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization. A chief objective of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power and are maintained in power† (Shively, 2012, p. 251). The Tea Party movement clearly has a group of officials that they wanted to place into power. However, with no centralized leadership and little to no attempt to separate from the Republican Party one would be hard-pressed to argue them as a political party. Also, Ron Paul, who is often referred to as the godfather of the Tea Party movement, is currently running for the republican nomination. The republican candidates are frequently campaigning for the votes of the Tea Party voters. Along with, seemingly every news outlet constantly mentioning how the republ icans are fighting for the Tea Party vote the line between the two parties continue to blur. A Washington Post article states, â€Å"at a 2012 presidential forum in New Orleans in June, (Michelle) Bachmann estimated that the tea party consists of 60 percent republicans, 20 percent independents and 20 percent democrats† (Blake, Aaron â€Å"Tea party democrats do exist.† Washington Post. July 6, 2011. Web. March 7, 2012). This tells me that the Tea Party movement is a branch of the Republican Party that has differing views on some major issues, but still identifies themselves as republicans. Therefore, no, by this evidence the Tea Party movement is not a political party. The Tea Party movement, however, also is not an interest group. According to Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science an interest group is an â€Å"organized group of citizens that has one of its goals ensuring that the state follows certain policies† (Shively, 2012, p. 251). Historically groups such as Greenpeace, the National Rifle Association and the Air Force Sergeants As sociation have been classified as interest or â€Å"pressure† groups. These groups use their organization as a means to represent public opinion to government officials. Looking at the definition of interest group one could possibly deduce that the Tea Party movement must be an interest group. Do they want to ensure that the state follows certain policies? Yes. They demand lower taxes, call for the elimination of deficit spending, and insist the government abides by the Constitution and the institution of fiscally conservative policies to eliminate the national debt. Just like with the democratic and republican political parties, the Tea Party movement shares some similarities with interest groups. One could easily consider the Tea Party movement an interest group. Especially if they have read the Encyclopedia definition of interest group, â€Å"also called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence publi c policy in its favor. All interest groups share a desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members or one segment of society (e.g., government subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They attempt to achieve their goals by lobbying† (interest group (2012) In Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group). After reading that definition it seems that the Tea Party movement is an interest group, they do fit the definition extremely well. However, there is one other option. The last possible classification to be explored is the social movement. Does the Tea Party movement fit the mold of a social movement? A social movement is defined as â€Å"loosely organized but sustained campaigns in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society’s structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all essentially collect ive. That is, they result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society† social movement (social movement (2012) In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551335/social-movement). The Tea Party movement came to be in 2009 and 2010 with distrust in elected officials and wanting to remove them from power. They believe that the government has ignored the constitutional order of America (Shively, 2012, p. 309). To a person who is sparsely active in politics, the Tea Party movement may seem to be spontaneous and out of nowhere. But it could be easily argued that the political activist involved carried their feelings for many years prior to organizing the movement. But to an outsider they may have appeared to burst onto the scene. The Tea Party movement seems to be searching for a change in what they believe to be unconstitut ional actions of the United States government, as well as trying to prevent the invasion of constitutional rights. Earlier, it was stated how one could see classifying the Tea Party movement as an interest group. However, after further research they seem to fit the mold of a social movement slightly more. Since the Tea Party movement is a social movement and not an interest group or political party, it needs to be determined which one would have been the best course of action for the movement to take. The best move the Tea Party movement could make would be to become a separate political party. As a political party they would be able to run on a platform consisting completely of their own views. Why attempt to ride the coattails of the Republican Party? If the views differ enough to rally and callout the current elected officials, regardless of party, then new ones. The new party won’t have to worry about being held back by the differing views of the party of which they chose to attach themselves. If the numbers quoted earlier from Michelle Bachmann are correct (60 percent republicans, 20 percent independents and 20 percent democrats) they should have a rather good chance at winning some elections. Mike Gallagher, a Fox News Contributor, stated in a 2009 interview with Bill O’Reilly that, he’d â€Å"happily trade is republican card for a tea party card, if there was such a thing.† Now, obviously this doesn’t state how many hardline Tea Party voters there are, but it says that they appeal to some members of both major parties as well as the independents. Maybe running separately would give them a better chance of pulling more voters from the other parties and uniting their followers even more. After first comparing the Tea Party movement to interest groups, and then social movements and finally political parties, the evidence showed that they are more of a social movement than the other two. The Encyclopedia definition cited earlier was what led to this conclusion. Although it is strictly an opinion, the Tea Party movement would be better served as a political party. This is mainly because they could focus their time and efforts on a campaign consisting of their views. Would they get my vote? No. But at least they would be able to round up all of their supporters into one basket. Works Cited Encyclopedia Britannica. (2012). Retrieved March 19, 2102, from encyclopediabritannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551335/social-movement Encyclopedia Britannica. (2012). Retrieved March 19, 2012, from encyclopediabritannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group Shively, W. P. (2012). Power & Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Islamic Pottery Essay

Medieval Islamic pottery occupied a geographical position between Chinese ceramics and the pottery of the Byzantine Empire and Europe. For most of the period it can fairly be said to have been between the two in terms of aesthetic achievement and influence as well, borrowing from China and exporting to and influencing Byzantium and Europe. The use of drinking and eating vessels in gold and silver, the ideal in ancient Rome and Persia as well as medieval Christian societies, is prohibited by the Hadiths, with the result that pottery and glass were used for tableware by Muslim elites, as pottery (but less often glass) also was in China, but was much rarer in Europe and Byzantium. Islamic restrictions In the same way Islamic restrictions greatly discouraged figurative wall-painting, encouraging the architectural use of schemes of decorative tiles, which are the most distinctive and original speciality of Islamic ceramics. Era of Islamic Pottery The era of Islamic pottery started around 622. From 633, Muslims armies moved rapidly towards Persia, Byzantium, Mesopotimia, Anatolia, Egypt and later Andalusia. Early History of Islamic Pottery The early history of Islamic pottery remains somewhat obscure and speculative as little evidence has survived. Apart from tiles which escaped destruction due to their use in architectural decoration of buildings and mosques, much early medieval pottery vanished. The Muslim world inherited significant pottery industries in Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa (African Red Slip) and later other regions. Early Medieval (622-1200) A distinct Muslim style in pottery was not firmly established until the 9th century in Iraq (formerly Mesopotamia), Syria and Persia. During this period pieces mainly used white tin-glaze. Information on earlier periods is very limited. This is largely due to the lack of surviving specimens in good condition which also limits the interest in the study of ceramics of these periods. The most highly regarded technique of this centre is the use of calligraphy in the decoration of vessels. Chinese influence on Islamic Pottery During the Abbasid dynasty pottery production gained momentum, largely using tin glazes mostly in the form of opaque white glaze. Some historians, such as Arthur Lane, attribute the rise of such industry to Chinese influence. Three main phases According to Lane, the influence of Chinese pottery progressed in three main phases.  ·The first contact with China took place in 751 when the Arabs defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Talas. It has been argued that imprisoned Chinese potters and paper makers could have taught the Muslims the art of pottery and paper-making. In 800’s Chinese stoneware and porcelain reached the Abbasids.  ·The second phase took place in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period noted for the decline of pottery industry following the fall of the Seljuk dynasty. This period also saw the invasion of the Mongols who brought Chinese pottery traditions.  ·The third phase was in the fifteenth century, when much of this influence came through imports made from Tang, Song and Ming dynasties at the hand of Zheng He. Islamic innovations From between the eighth and eighteenth centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacifiedglazing, for the production of tin-glazed pottery, was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. Middle (1200–1400) By this period the distinctive Islamic tradition of decorated wall tiles had emerged, and continued to develop together with vessel pottery in a way unique to Islamic art. The Seljuks brought new and fresh inspiration to the Muslim world, attracting artists, craftsmen and potters from all regions including Egypt. In addition to continuing the production of similar (although more refined) tin and lustre glaze ceramics, the Seljuks (in Persia) were credited for the introduction of a new type sometimes known as â€Å"Faience†. This is made from a hard white frit paste coated with transparent alkaline glaze. Examples of Islamic Period Pottery  ·Glazed pottery  ·Unglazed pottery Glazed pottery Glazed pottery is typical for the Islamic Period in Egypt, but there is evidence that is was already introduced in the Byzantine Period (Engeman 1990). In contrast to Faience and the glazed materials of the Pharaonic period, true glass was used as glazing. Colours were produced by adding metallic oxides. When transparent it could be applied over paintings. Unglazed pottery  ·Water jugs had often filters built into the neck for keeping out the flies. Especially the examples from Egypt are produced with great delicacy.  ·Most of the pottery of daily use produced in the Islamic period (including down to today) is unglazed.  ·Vessels of uncertain function, with compact fabric: suggestions for use vary from military projectiles to storage of vintage wine.

WTO (World Trade Organization) The WritePass Journal

WTO (World Trade Organization) Introduction: WTO (World Trade Organization) Introduction:Describing WTO:Review of World trade organizationWTO Regulatory FrameworkDispute SettlementDispute Settlement in the WTO: Relationship of playersNational treatmentWTO and the developing countriesConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction: WTO (World Trade Organization) agreements consists of the rules and regulations and having fair trade practices framework with the developing countries of the world. In order to face multilateral negotiations and to cope up with the failure of Doha Round. The multilateral trade system was a great achievement that advanced a framework for the WTO/GATT international trading. However, the conflicts of member’s interests, RTAs have become the only remedy, where nations can seek to apply their views via direct negotiations. Ultimately the success depends on the success of Doha Round, developing countries fails to achieve their objectives under the RTAs framework and bilateral deals. Finally it has been analyzed that the rules set under the RTAs were proper but the regulation was on weaker side. The RTAs and WTO relationship has been controversial and much disputed as a matter of lack of regulation among the fair trade practices. Taking into consideration the proper valuation of the goods the amount of duties paid should also be counted. Lastly in this essay we look towards most beneficial acquisitions to promote unfair and equitable foreign trade practices.    Describing WTO: A word WTO is known as the World Trade Organization which is very helpful to the trading business around the world. Nowadays most of the countries are being benefited by the trading agreements which are having their own different types of regions[1]. Earlier the regions and the international bodies were treated very softly with a view to have mutual cooperation to the financial business. But the time when RTA has been increased, it has put a competition with the trade structure. WTO came into practice from 1995 due to which agreements has been treated fairly and smoothly. It was formed so as to have track on all joint venture trade and agreements which were being done among the associates, side by side support was being given to the newest trades. As such many precautions have been taken care of so that any disputes should not come among the different nations. All the previous agreements which were formed by different countries were being continued with the new agreements also. World Trade Organization also plays an important role to keep a check on all regions so that there should not be any unfair trade practices being used with the agreements[2]. The agreements helps the other nations to remove   the poverty line by taking different measures which helps the workers to benefit in terms of their health, family and also by providing good training so as to come out from their poverty line. The WTO agreements consists of the rules and regulations and having fair trade practices framework with the developing countries of the world. Every country has different rules and regulations as such WTO takes care of all nations. There are approx. 150 countries are the member of WTO and among them around 2/3 members are developing countries. Those developing countries play an important role in the WTO due to their strong economy and consider trade as a one of the key for the economy development. There are several difference as concern to their individual views exist among the developing countries. So followings are the special arrangement for the developing countries: Existence of the special provision for the developing countries under WTO agreements. There are special committees as concern to Trade and development, focus on those special provisions and there are other area like technology transfer, trade and debt, which are dealing with some other committee. Technical assistance related training and development backed by Secretariat  of WTO for the developing nations. The obligation of procedural fairness of WTO has two different aspects. The first explained that the obligation imposed within dispute settlement system, which protects the fairness among the parties in the processing. The other, member of WTO are obliged to ensure the fairness practice in their country’s legal system; it could be referred to GATT Article X: 3(a), which state that all the norms and regulation mentioned under Article X: 1 should be strictly scrutinize in a proper manner. Although, the above mentioned obligations are very important and it could also be subject to WTO dispute settlement proceeding. In this essay, there are some problems which are been faced when the rules and trade practices are being implemented on different nations. In this we cover all the briefs of WTO; all the problems which are related to the developing nations have been resolved through WTO rules and guidelines[3]. Review of World trade organization For the development of the economy, international trade barriers are been incorporated to provide promotional support to the developing nations. During the formation of International Monetary Fund, a proposal was been submitted by United Nation[4] and formulation of plan was been done with economics and social council acknowledge so as to regulate the plan in International Trade Organization ,started   just after World Bank and IMF in 1945. US and UK has got a very sophisticated picture towards the fair trade in the beginning, just after sometime United Nation have been settled for mixed and different rules and regulations, o the other hand United kingdom Government followed proper rules and regulations so as to run in an proper manner. WTO and various trade agreements share the same rules and regulations as such they were regulated by strict policies. Mainly there were some clear exemptions of various trade agreements as compared to WTO. RTA and other agreements from the trading organization created a discriminatory issue for other members.   The regional trade agreements moved very hastily just after article XXIV came through which other trade organizations has grown significantly. Fifty four bodies signed the treaty that worked for the debate for various rounds held at Havana. As ITO does not come under the Trading agreements as states of UNO, it never participated while voting for ITO bodies, and ignores by few regulatory bodies[5]. The negotiation which took place in 1948 involved various rounds and at UN Conference in Havana(Cuba), 54 countries signed the negotiation. The main objective of ITO’s was to encourage more international economic growth and the flow of trade internationally, which also consider agreements of commodity, provisions for employment, investment opportunities and eliminating risky business practices. The major factors which ITO constitutes and concentrated was to increase the flow of international trade by performing trading of various goods and services and to boost up the global economic growth. Proper procedures were established to measure the performance of provisions made for employment, limiting trade practices, agreement of commodity and various methods of investment. Because of all this ITO was not in the minds of different bilateral participating nation in the trading[6]. The actual predictions on epigrammatic agreement and trade organization kept a regulatory check on it proved by General agreement on Trade and Tariffs. After the disintegration of the ITO, GATT has been emerged as a multilateral instrument for handling the international trade. Since, GATT transformed as an international body, which has been expected by UN system to function as a specialized agency[7]. Handling the issues over trade , trading was increased as well as the tariffs set were comparatively lower than the other trade practices, thus playing an important and pivotal role in forming a powerful and useful approach all over. Some set of rules and regulations was to be followed by the endorsed countries. A deep refurbishing was required by the system in 1980’s which gave rise to a Uruguay Round and further   lead to the introduction of WTO7. InGeneva, The Uruguay round has been taken place with the basic idea of the ministerial meeting of GATT in November 1982. Agriculture was strongly hindered from the beginning in this meeting, but all the ideas lead to the immense failure of all. The new globalization of the world economy was anxiously followed by the Uruguay Round. Since the treaty has been signed by many nations, a large expansion in the trade was expected. Trading of agriculture and textiles in different segment also showed a increasing sign. A well planned cross-examination was held in order to give a review to all rules and regulations levied by GATT. Hence, the growth of international trade has been accelerated due lead taken by increased number of nations. In year 1993, some modifications were made in the rules and regulations which had been assigned to the existing signatory bodies. Perhaps same rules were to be followed with the same agreements as it was the high time but some changes lead to the higher side of foreign trade. The important benefit obtained from the act of Uruguay Round lead to the foundation of World Trade Organization. On 1st, January 1995, the term WTO came into existence in continuation with the GATT framework[8]. For all the countries agreement is not necessary, although it is related to the constitutional body of i nternational law and represents the significant picture widely. Around 153 members took part in the foundation of WTO and maximum trade is being measured through this WTO framework. WTO is regarded as the only existing framework which focuses and deals in maintaining the healthy relationship between the co-countries which allow the trade expansion within liberal economy across the world. The co-members of WTO have the full right to arbitrate in the round table as per Article 2, many regulations deal while posing provisions and restrictions for obligation among the internal environment[9].WTO describes various rules and regulations for promotional trade, but it does not represent the real picture as any appropriate meetings and procedures are not followed or have not been considered regarding the fairness of practices and which remains impartial. Because of all this some new areas has been taken into account and proper measures are drafted to make them as an economical advantage among labour and the environment because of different trading agreements. WTO works on the larger framework whereas the agreements are balanced when it considers the total number of states. Few assumptions are being framed while dealing with the developing countries. WTO’s basic principle is to see the limitation of rules and regulations which are open to the members, although a very limited discussion on trade barriers and proper procedures are followed to resolve the disputes between the trading countr ies. WTO Regulatory Framework The legal framework of WTO is to see the proper execution of fair trade practices and the extent up to which the rules and regulations should be taken into consideration while doing trade with different countries. The problem faced lies with the implementation of various rules and regulations, how to resolve the disputes among different traders and making decisions for the organization[10]. Under the Article 4.1 of the WTO agreement, the Conference among the ministry is the highest authority of WTO. The conference details the voluntary decision making all the members of WTO confined to the legislative body. The meeting of the Ministerial Conference must be done in every two years. These meetings explain the wide range of political interactions of the Conference held for through discussions and decisions. It is not necessary that the Ministerial conference actually needs to deliver the proper influence over the obligatory feat over the WTO members. In contrary the General council calls for the general meet with all itsMemberState’s ambassadors apparently once in every subsequent month inGeneva, this meeting is done related to the economic condition in order to get investigated and possible amendments could be made on the decisions making. Its main objective is to frame and analyze the policies related to national trade and in order to run other authorities in the WTO such as the secretariat. Every member of the WTO was specified to participate in disputes settlements panels, committees exempting from the Appellate body, councils and Textiles Monitoring Body. The administrative and technical support was provided by the Secretariat among both the WTO and developing countries which were laid on different trade policies, resolutions of trade and advice of the governments. To keep checks on the rules and regulation, the country’s voting system plays a very crucial role as each country can just vote one time, though it does not matter because they are not taken into account. Dispute Settlement The global economy prefers to do trade with the neighboring countries, reason being the low tariffs, and thus helping in creating and maintaining healthy environment and relation as transport costs also lowers down. Proper calculations and approximations are made in order to formulate and regulate proper agreement among the countries. As new trade theory opens the gate for the scale of economies giving rise to larger number of agreements and thus to more trading segments which can become more efficient towards exports and imports. Various agreements of Uruguay Round gave a helping hand in providing a clear picture of WTO framework towards planned rules and regulations.   A proper framework to settle disputes was confined by WTO[11]. The dispute settlement is an integral system in the WTO, Which applies to all multilateral agreements with single set of all disputes but some specific rules in some cases. The following bodies play an important role in the WTO: Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) Panel and Appellate Body Parties: WTO Members WTO Secretariat   Dispute Settlement in the WTO: Relationship of players Source: Dispute Settlement in the WTO, www.wto.org/english/tratop_e//intro_wto_disput_settle.ppt As the disputes arising between the trading countries, the regulations of the trade control the fluctuations affects, now a days the WTO dispute settlement as the most dynamic international adjudicative process in the worlds due to the previous experience of the Considered WTO director-general. Hence it was found that â€Å"aggressive unilateralism† of economically powerful nations have been replaced by mechanism of multilateral rules and remedies backed by WTO. Because of the separation of many members from the system, the transparency of WTO guideline fails to fulfill the decisions making process. As an example, certain conferences have not been attended by some of the delegates among the Seattleconference[12]. Thereafter, The Doha conference came into existence whose main objective was to focus on the individual people, thus showing a real picture to the framework. The main drawback is due to improper time management and negotiation done with the different rounds of conference. The difficulties arise due to the unclear language used in the various agreements of analyzing the treaties[13]. The increasing number of nation towards MFN treaty is more important aspect of the decision, from which other nation will get benefited and consequently banned discrimination state would be followed by WTO. The rate remains the same for all the other bodies no matter if any member provides some benefit at lower cost or lower custom duty; hence no discrimination is being followed. MFN also concerns about the GATT (article2) and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (article4) 11. The main thing which is considered while selecting the method is that the method or the art icle must contain all the important aspects of WTO. National treatment The members of the different states could not be fully understood the actual relationship between the foreign products and services. The third article of GATT is being referred for the proper limelight of actual market principles of WTO. Thereafter proper proportion should be maintained between the regional and international products and services as per Article 17 of GATT and the TRIPS provisions. Making differentiation may very easy for the WTO regarding its local and overseas products. National treatment firmly applies to the foreign goods, services or piece of logical property has already accessed the local market. It fails to achieve its main objective of finding out the proper and exact proportion of conflicts between the developed and developing countries. National treatment policy very easily accepts the changed proper tariffs for the neighboring products but thereafter if the product has been found radically they lose the position of being charged as an correspondent tax notions. For example the situation can be best put up into matter of fact that treatment can be found in Japan-Alcohol which can best explain:   in order to get proper protection the national treatment is generally prohibited while using internal taxes and other internal treatment obligations. Article I of GATT and WTO owns a very significant role and have been described as â€Å"a keystone of the GATT and one of the main and important pillar of WTO trading system†. Though it is main ly accepted that WTO has been more successful in comparison to GATT for promoting the fairness and equality in the trading system as organization keeps a regular check on the liabilities possessed by its members. WTO is referred to as a free trade institution which generally accepts tariffs and occasionally forms or follows different forms of protection[14]. Thus it s a open system of desired rules and regulations where there is truthful and fair competition. The rules governed to the Non-inequity-national treatment and MFN is centralized and can be opposed critically by the environment, human right action and medical. The international trade regime contains the factors that are so designed as to prevent the intervention in support of domestic stability.   Generally basic concept and objective of the national treatment is to increase the fair competition between the members in terms of goods, intellectual property, agriculture, services and this has given a right to the government of breaching the trade agreements. The fairness and equality between the international trade has been threatened in many occasions in many ways but WTO proved successful in solving the matters and bringing out fai rness and equality by using utilizing case laws.   Anti-dumping agreements and relevant case laws are explained so that one can think of rules and regulations to be followed in the trade agreement. WTO and the developing countries The WTO membership consists of developing countries which formed the main framework and resulted in better trade flow of foreign products and services after the GATT. This was because the involvement of emerging countries increased immensely. The involvement of more developing countries roots WTO’s stem from classified system tailored by the World Bank on the basis of per capita income of the country. Since WTO does not contain any proper definition of developing countries, the term was defined in either economic or other measures[15]. These developing countries in the WTO framework had a disadvantage of lack of human and technical resources. WTO considered these countries to be weaker in keeping up proximity with the rapidity in meetings held in Geneva on the weekly basis. Thus developing countries under the framework rarely entered into the discussions as they were less prepared than the industrialized countries. Due to this, a decision making bloc was selected to make decis ions on behalf of all members for US, EU, Canada and Japan. Therefore in spite of single vote structure for the WTO it was helpless to allege the decisions. The WTO is responsible for the promoting fair and equitable trade as an international organization. WTO in Seattle conference was accused to be the supporter of globalization because of favoring interest of developed countries and negative effects on developing countries[16]. There was a disagreement between the developing and developed countries regarding the agricultural subsidies given by the governments of developed countries. One must clarify that , most least developed and developing country’s economy depends on the tariffs on foreign products and services. Since WTO focuses on reducing the tariffs on foreign goods and services under the principle of MFN the biggest disadvantage which developing countries faces being under WTO will be risk faced in terms of their budget and public payment responsibilities. As the gathering of most powerful countries under the WTO as well increase in the demand of the national treatment by the WTO, developing countries will be affected negatively and its local market and agriculture will be confronted by the tough competition. In year 2003 many developing countries rejected the EU proposal which focused on lowering the commitment of is agricultural subsidies. This gave the developed countries a greater access over the developing countries markets[17]. The WTO lies on the fact that even after the collapse of Doha round, WTO didn’t stopped performing its functions discussed under the past rounds, continued to manage and hold a stable position, even though it lacked some regulations in developing countries. The existing agreement detailed the planned set of rules and regulations for trading among important players includingEU,USA, Japan, China andIndiaas prevailing power. The WTO possessed a challenged against Doha deal as they undertook separate free trade agreements among themselves thus attracting the new acquisitions and working with the new countries like Russia and Vietnam, which worked very hard   and did all possible efforts to be the part of the organization. The new policies were implemented taking into the consideration that the disputes are been settled and criticism is being hold n frequent basis.   Solving the disparity among the member states provided the real benefit of no risk element. As some important skills will be expected in next couple of year therefore the role of the Director General of WTO has to be re-evaluated for the future concern. In order to make a regulatory body WTO will be looking forward to leadership acknowledgement while addressing philosophical measures related to the impacts of the trade policy towards the employment which WTO’s most members are with. In this modern world today the developing countries which are the members with the WTO faces more problems in terms of employment. They offer very less jobs in agricultural and manufacturing sector. The relationship between economic growth and employment during the short span of time in dynamic economies like inChinahas been denied by the Asian development Bank and UNDP study. Thus the main problem faced by the members of the WTO is due to the trade affecting the jobs basically entitled to it. Providing employment can be placed as an important aspect with the new rising needs formulating a proper procedure to show some efforts in significant manner. Few adjustments are planned to be made to keep stress of job segment liberalized and flexible. The adjustments are posed to be flexible and wide executions are sequential as the present economy and trading system tends to change dramatically over the last few rounds of trade negotiations constituted in year 1994 summit. The under developed and poor countries are making various efforts to gear up their spirits in order to overcome lost grounds in past few years in trade. So in nutshell it can be seen and framed out that many countries are gearing up the working on employment and other various possible factors for creating a environment beneficial for trade[18]. Conclusion All the above mentioned information attempted to explain that how fair trade system is embodied in the WTO/GATT is to be taken care of and understood clearly. Both GATT and WTO got the benefited of international trade by framing and following various rules and regulations of trade. Different trade barriers and negotiation on tariffs were very seriously planned keeping in to the mind the rules and regulations of the trade. Since WTO came into existence first, it afforded the opportunity of gathering members and discussing the trade opportunities available, discussed issues and provided protection to their markets from unfair trade practices and anti-competition. Free of cost trading tends to be beneficial and free trade movement will be a helping hand towards the welfare of the organization. In order to save the free trading and free trade movement the GATT/WTO established some agreements (like anti-dumping agreement) which contained the rules to protect the Member’s economies, introduced some principles like MFN and national treatment. These organizations removed the key developmental tool for developing countries. The developing countries which do not joined the WTO was negatively affected. The only solution which was left with the developing countries was to organize their interest to achieve their objectives. The Doha development round clearly showed the way of fairness of focusing particularly on t he central issues of market access and thus ensuring all the members participation in the decision makes process. The WTO helps in facing the unnecessary competition present in the members of the states. Delays in holding panels and increased management cost gave rise to more disputes among the members and breaches of WTO obligations. To settle these disputed developed and developing countries experienced proper disputer settling process.   It has been initially made for the WTO to overcome the regulations speeded all over the equity between member States to boost world trade. By providing legal assistant to the developing countries, a fair trade can be considered best with the difference between developed and developing countries. The relevant aspect which is supported by the trade agreement is of competitive liberalization with the consent of moving toward free trade on the three levels that is multilateral, bilateral and regional. The reason for the improper regulation of obligations among the members may be due to the lack of decision making power. The conflict between household rules and its necessities was the major criticism faced by WTO. The identical apprehension applies to cut-throat liberalization. The general concept of liberalization is based in the concept of discriminatory view of RTAs. To develop good healthy competition among different levels having full benefit for well-off countries, a good competitive liberalization is must. Competitive liberalization in actual is regarded as political rather than economical. The increasing operational trade barrier between groups of members has been removed by mutual agreement between the groups of countries. The members of the WTO predicted the need of RTAs after dealing withDoharound to be in harmony with the multilateral process in order to promote trade integration and facilitate the transactions between the nations. Thus ministers decided to launch a negotiation to address this subject of trade integration, in respect of RTAs systematic and legal aspect. The WTO reformed RTAs to be transparent ad fully regulated under its rules. For the regional trade agreement a Draft Decision on a transparency Mechanism was advanced in year 2006 but the conclusions are awaited from the Doha Round. A successful Conclusion by theDoharound will be expected to improve the CRTA and increase the WTO oversight of RTAs. The failure cost in the DDA will be substantial, as the trading system. The main analysis of the papers reveals the proper understanding of the rules and regulations mentioned therein.   In respect of culture, there should be proper regulatory bodies to face multilateral negotiations, uncertain and unpredictable future, and the failure of Doha Round. The set up set by the multilateral trade system was a great achievement that advanced a framework for the WTO/GATT international trading. However, the conflicts of member’s interests, RTAs have become the only remedy, where nations can seek to apply their views via direct negotiations. Ultimately the success depends on the success of Doha Round. The developing countries are not able to achieve their objectives in the framework of RTAs and bilateral deals as in few situations local business is put to set aside from the competition under competitive liberalization. Finally it has been analyzed that the rules set under the RTAs were proper but the regulation was on weaker side. The RTAs and WTO relationship has been controversial and much disputed as a matter of lack of regulation among the fair trade practices. Taking into consideration the proper valuation of the goods the amount of duties paid should also be counted. So in nutshell it can be pointed out that few goods do not have any problem during calculation of export duties or quota management, nor does it creates problem for the valuation of goods for internal taxation or foreign control. Hence WTO looks out for more beneficial acquisitions to promote unfair and equitable foreign trade practices. References 10 Benefits of WTO Trading System (2008): WTO, ISBN 978-92-870-3436-6 available at www.wto.org Alan Matthews (2003), â€Å"Agriculture After Cancà ºn†, Trinity Economic Paper No. 17, 2003. Amrita Narlikar (2006), â€Å"Fairness in International Trade Negotiations: Developing Countries in the GATT and WTO†, The World Economy, Volume 29,  Issue 8,  pages 1005–1029,  August 2006. Andrew D. Mitchell (2006), â€Å"Fair Crack of the Whip: Examining Procedural Fairness in WTO Disputes Using an Australian Administrative Law Framework†, U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 232, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=987758 Anne McGuir (2002), â€Å"The Doha Development Agenda†, Finance Development (IMF), September 2002, Volume 39, Number 3. Bhagwati J, Hugh T. Patrick (1990), â€Å"Aggressive unilateralism: Americas 301 trade policy and the world trading system†, University of Michigan Press, pp. xii + 268 Bhagwati and Krishna (1999), â€Å"Trading Blocs: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements†, MIT Press. Brian Jones J. (2010),â€Å"The role of World Trade Organization† available at http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Role-of-World-Trade-Organization-(WTO)id=3591171. Folsom R. (2008), â€Å"Bilateral Free Trade Agreements: A Critical Assessment and WTO Regulatory Reform† , School of Law , San Diego Research Paper No. 08-070 2008. Hoekman B Holmes P (199), â€Å"Competition Policy, Developing Countries and the WTO†, FEEM Working Paper No. 66-99. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=200621 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.200621 Matsushita M at el. (2006),â€Å"The World Trade Organization Law, Practice and policy†, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition. Mr. Carlos Carnero Gonzlez (European Parliament) (2008), â€Å"LOOKING BEYOND DOHA† , ANNUAL 2008 SESSION OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON THE WTO, Geneva, 11-12 September 2008. Overview of the WTO: DTIs Website for Europe World Trade; The National Archives. Peter V. D Bossche, Denise Prà ©vost Marià «lle Matthee (2005/06), â€Å"WTO Rules on Technical Barriers to Trade† ; available at worldtradelaw.net/articles/vandenbosschetbt.pdf. Ross Korves (2005), â€Å"Regional Trade Agreements Are Discriminatory, And That’s Good†, available at truthabouttrade.org/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=855 Sandra Polaski (2006), â€Å"The Future of the WTO, Trade, Equity, and Development Project†, Policy Outlook 2006 Robert E. Hudec (1987), â€Å"Developing Countries in the GATT/WTO Legal System† TRADE POLICY RESEARCH CENTRE, ISBN 0-566-05697-6. Ten Years of WTO Dispute Settlement: Australian Perspectives (2006), Commonwealth of Australia, ISBN: 1 921244 08 9, available at www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/wto_disputes.html. Tobi Indyke (2009), â€Å"Fair Trade or Free Trade†; available at http://ezinearticles.com/?Fair-Trade-Or-Free-Trade?id=2886317. [1]Benefits of WTO Trading System (2008) wto.org/english/res_e/doload_e/10b_e.pdf [2] Brian Jones Jr. (2010), The role of World Trade Organization, http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Role-of-World-Trade-Organization-(WTO)id=3591171 [3]Tobi Indyk,. Fair Trade Or Free Trade; http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Tobi_Indyke. [4] Agricultural Issues Centre vol. 17, No. 2 (2003), http://aic.ucdavis.edu/pub/quarter/q17.2.03.pdf [5] Bhagwati Krishna (1999), Trading Blocs: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements, MIT Press [6] Matsushita M, Schoenbaum T, Mavroidis P (2006), The World Trade Organization Law, Practice and policy, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition. [7] The Uruguay Round, WTO;   wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact5_e.htm [8] Peter Van den Bossche, Denise Prà ©vost Marià «lleMatthee (2005/06), ‘WTO Rules on Technical Barriers to Trade’worldtradelaw.net/articles/vandenbosschetbt.pdf. [9] Overview of the WTO: DTIs Website for Europe World Trade; The National Archives. [10] Ten Years of WTO Dispute Settlement: Australian Perspectives (2006), Commonwealth ofAustralia [11] Bhagwati J, Krishna P (1999), Trading Blocs: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements, MIT(Press) [12] Bhagwati J, Hugh T. Patrick (1990), Aggressive unilateralism: Americas 301 trade policy and the world trading system, University of Michigan Press, pp. xii + 268 [13] Brown, Andrew and Stern, Robert M. (2005), Achieving Fairness in the Doha Development Round,, Global Economy Journal: Vol. 5: Issue. 4. [14] Folsom R. (2008), Bilateral Free Trade Agreements: A Critical Assessment and WTO Regulatory Reform, School of Law , San Diego Research Paper No. 08-070 2008. [15] Mr. Carlos Carnero Gonzlez (European Parliament) (2008): LOOKING BEYOND DOHA, ANNUAL 2008 SESSION OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON THE WTO, Geneva, 11-12 September 2008 [16]Ross Korves (2005), Regional Trade Agreements Are Discriminatory, And That’s Good, truthabouttrade.org/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=855 [17] Alan Matthews (2003), Agriculture After Cancà ºn, Trinity Economic Paper No. 17, 2003 [18] Sandra Polaski, the Future of the WTO, Trade, Equity, and Development Project, Policy outlook 2006.

Implementing PING Without Using Raw Sockets

Implementing PING Without Using Raw Sockets Windows supports an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to determine whether or not a particular host is available.  ICMP is a network layer protocol that delivers flow control, error messages, routing, and other data between Internet hosts. ICMP is primarily used by application developers for a network ping. What Is a Ping? A ping is the process of sending an echo message to an IP address and reading the reply to verify a connection between TCP/IP hosts. If you are writing a new application, you will be better to use the Winsock 2 raw sockets support, implemented in  Indy, for example. Please note, however, that for Windows NT and Windows 2000 implementations, Raw Sockets are subject to security checks and are accessible only to members of the administrators group. Icmp.dll provides functionality that allows developers to write Internet ping applications on Windows systems without Winsock 2 support.   Note that the Winsock 1.1 WSAStartup function must be called prior to using the functions exposed by ICMP.DLL. If you do not do this, the first call to IcmpSendEcho will fail with error 10091 (WSASYSNOTREADY). Below you can find the Ping units source code. Here are two examples of usage. Example 1: Code Snippet uses Ping;...​const ADP_IP 208.185.127.40; (* http://delphi.about.com *)beginIf Ping.Ping(ADP_IP) then ShowMessage(About Delphi Programming reachable!);end; Example 2: Console Mode  Delphi Program Our next example is a console mode Delphi program  that uses the Ping unit:  . Heres  the Ping units source: unit Ping;​interfaceusesWindows, SysUtils, Classes;typeTSunB packed records_b1, s_b2, s_b3, s_b4: byte;end;TSunW packed records_w1, s_w2: word;end;PIPAddr ^TIPAddr;TIPAddr recordcase integer of0: (S_un_b: TSunB);1: (S_un_w: TSunW);2: (S_addr: longword);end;IPAddr TIPAddr;function IcmpCreateFile : THandle; stdcall; external icmp.dll;function IcmpCloseHandle (icmpHandle : THandle) : boolean;stdcall; external icmp.dllfunction IcmpSendEcho(IcmpHandle : THandle; DestinationAddress : IPAddr;RequestData : Pointer; RequestSize : Smallint;RequestOptions : pointer;ReplyBuffer : Pointer;ReplySize : DWORD;Timeout : DWORD) : DWORD; stdcall; external icmp.dll;function Ping(InetAddress : string) : boolean;implementationusesWinSock;function Fetch(var AInput: string;const ADelim: string ;const ADelete: Boolean true): string;variPos: Integer;beginif ADelim #0 then begin// AnsiPos does not work with #0iPos : Pos(ADelim, AInput);end else beginiPos : Pos(ADelim, AInput);end;if iPos 0 the n beginResult : AInput;if ADelete then beginAInput : ;end;end else beginresult : Copy(AInput, 1, iPos - 1);if ADelete then beginDelete(AInput, 1, iPos Length(ADelim) - 1);end;end;end;procedure TranslateStringToTInAddr(AIP: string; var AInAddr);varphe: PHostEnt;pac: PChar;GInitData: TWSAData;beginWSAStartup($101, GInitData);tryphe : GetHostByName(PChar(AIP));if Assigned(phe) thenbeginpac : phe^.h_addr_list^;if Assigned(pac) thenbeginwith TIPAddr(AInAddr).S_un_b do begins_b1 : Byte(pac[0]);s_b2 : Byte(pac[1]);s_b3 : Byte(pac[2]);s_b4 : Byte(pac[3]);end;endelsebeginraise Exception.Create(Error getting IP from HostName);end;endelsebeginraise Exception.Create(Error getting HostName);end;exceptFillChar(AInAddr, SizeOf(AInAddr), #0);end;WSACleanup;end;function Ping(InetAddress : string) : boolean;varHandle : THandle;InAddr : IPAddr;DW : DWORD;rep : array[1..128] of byte;beginresult : false;Handle : IcmpCreateFile;if Handle INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE thenExit;TranslateStringToTInAddr(InetAddres s, InAddr);DW : IcmpSendEcho(Handle, InAddr, nil, 0, nil, rep, 128, 0);Result : (DW 0);IcmpCloseHandle(Handle);end;​end.

QUIZ What Type of Student Are You

QUIZ What Type of Student Are You

Cause and Effects Diagram Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cause and Effects Diagram - Research Paper Example The nature of programming is such that it is quit complex with so many concepts and programs. In addition, it consists of several pieces of details connected together. Thus, programmers when developing a new corporate website must have the capacity to pay attention to the tiny details involved in programming and development. Similarly, good memory and the ability to abstract play a crucial role as some of the specific skills that programmers should have. Programming entails a lot of information that needs to be remembered. For example, there is the syntax language with a set of functions prewritten that require to recall and identify the parameters that they would take, as well as the variables and functions associated with them in a particular program. Hence, one needs to have a good memory in order to remember all that stuff and more, as well as their applications. On the other hand, ability to abstract is the most imperative skill in programming, which involves compartmentalizing information into little black box. This technique performs useful tasks, but keeps away some details such that a programmer does not have to remember them all the time. In programming activities such as website development. There are several issues that arise during the process; thus, effective problem solving skills comes in handy when such circumstances arise. Another skill is knowledge of programming languages. This is important because one cannot perform a website development without the knowledge of programming languages (Dudley & Butte , 2009). However, this does not mean knowing all the languages, but knowing just one or two of the programming languages is appropriate in achieving a perfect website development. Knowing programing languages allow programmers to evaluate where a language should be applicable, and where a particular language should not be applicable. New things come up in the information and technology field, which requires advancements in our knowledge, skills, and abilities. Therefore, a good programmer must be open and ready to learn new technology in order to enhance his skills and stay on top of the game despite the changing world. Similarly, entrepreneurial skills highly apply in this field because of the opportunity to grow and expend businesses. Entrepreneurial skills among programmers helps them to see beyond the functions of mere development, and incorporate certain features that may enhance business operations (Brian, 1999). Finally, in the category of personal skills social skills and even social networking skills play a crucial role in programming. Working as a tem to develop a new website, members need have social skills in order to help them understand the issue. Naturally, humans are social beings, and this is one of the factors that improve team performance and leads to success of the development. In addition to the individual skills, there are team skills that programmers must ensure they utilize towards the as developing a successful corporate Web site. This involve manage development time, which ensures that the development everything that you need is according to the stipulated time schedule. In addition, the programmers must

Consumer Behaviour - NIKE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumer Behaviour - NIKE - Essay Example Also, in the year 2008, the company presented the Air Jordan XX3 which was identified to be a high-performance basketball shoes created with the environment in mind (Kapferer, 2012). Some of the Nike Companies’ newest shoes contain Lunarlite and Flywire foams to lessen weight. In addition, Nike Company is well recognized and popular in young adult and hip hop philosophy for their delivering of city fashion clothing (Kumar, 2009). However, The Company being well recognized for its performance, the question is â€Å"What constitutes the capability of the Company to capture its targeted consumers?† There is a bundle of attributes presented by the Nike Company for their targeted consumer consideration. Some of this attribute are discussed in the following paragraphs in detail. First, is the logo â€Å"swoosh† which is the company’s signature or trademark. With or without the name Nike underneath the logo, the general consumers can perceive the logo and visualize Nike. Regardless to a check of excellence, the flowing nature of the logo has played a vital role to the marketing of the brand. The role of visual rhetoric is to influence the company’s targeted consumers visually. The logo represents competition, athleticism, and victory. With a single brush stroke, viewers of the logo anticipate that this what it means (Hawkins, 2013). Also, the logo looks like a check mark which, for instance, in American philosophy, has become illustrative of a job well done or success. Nike prides in making state of the art athletic items from running shoes to football and using a logo that rhetorically illustrate success. The logo visually ties into the early gods of sports, elaborating its achievement as a successful, recognizable, and uncomplicated tr ademark. Second, attribute is the slogan â€Å"Just Do It† which is the tag-line allied with the Nike logo. Together, the tag-line and the logo feature the

How Government Actions Improves Market Outcomes Assignment

How Government Actions Improves Market Outcomes - Assignment Example Such measures included quantitative easing characterized by debt-for-bond swap plan with an objective of keeping domestic markets afloat, among others. Notably though was an increase in margin financing of stock purchases that fuelled an extraordinary increase in equity prices. Following stabilization of equity prices, the government embarked on contractionary measures aimed at ceasing government direct intervention so that the market may adjust to internal market forces, and eventually sustain itself. As pointed out by Frankel, while it appears that the apparent market failure resulted from misguided government intervention in the market, the cause may as well be the unpremeditated plans and subsequently implementation by the China Securities Regulatory Commission to limit the amount that brokerages could put into stock trading. The resulting increase in margin requirements gave rise to a state where economic instruments grew weaker, resulting in the resent crush of the Chinese stock market. The measures undertaken by the Chinese government, even though they seem to have been catastrophic rather than beneficial, were in no way intended to compromise or to further cripple the economy. Measures such as quantitative easing have been proven quite pragmatic in resuscitating downward spiraling economies around the world. However, currency devaluation superficially appears to provide relief to currencies whenever implemented, boosting their respective performance internationally.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art - Essay Example In Cassatt’s work, she uses very light colours and avoiding black producing a very romantic painting that depicts a mother and child. In Manet’s works, he disregards what was the dictum of impressionism by his characteristic use of black. Both artists are working from a Japanese style of design and perspective which according to many reports heavily influenced their paintings. According to pbs.org, Manet’s paints his forms quickly in rough brushstrokes clearly visible on the surface of the canvas. Instead of the carefully constructed perspective that leads the eye deep into the space of the painting, Manet offers a picture frame flattened into two planes. The foreground is the glowing white body of Olympia on the bed; the background is darkness. (Edouard Manet’s Olympia). The treatment of the subject matter is very different in both paintings. According to pbs.org, Manet chooses to paint a woman of his time -- not a feminine ideal, but a real woman, and a courtesan at that.(Edouard Manet’s Olympia).This woman is a self-assured prostitute and view of the public of the nineteenth century a scandalous painting which would have been destroyed by the public as reported by many people. According to the Guardian, â€Å"The subject matter is sensational - a nude who, in the eyes of 19th-century observers, was clearly a prostitute, in her trashy mules with a bootlace for a necklace, tucked in, to the ruffled white pillows and her skin is a bright, glaring white. The fully dressed black servant is featured, presenting her with flowers from one of her male companions.†(Olympia, Edouard Manet).In viewing the painting the prostitute clearly has a defiant and confrontational look which according to the Guardian, it is impossible to know whether her mood is one of melancholy or contempt.( Olympia Edouard Manet(1863)) On the other hand, Cassatt’s mother and child are much more easier and pleasurable to view. The â€Å"mother an d child† clearly depict the intimate love and bond between a mother and her child. According to Danielle Peltakian, â€Å"she painted in delicate brush strokes of pastel pigments typical of the style of Renoir and Degas. She created a romantic depiction of the female figure reminiscent of the early Italian renaissance Madonna and child†( American member of the french impressionists school:note print maker.) According to tfaoi.com, The mother in the painting exudes a sense of dignity and purpose that challenges conventional notions of decorative femininity.(Mary Cassat, Modern woman).According to Anne Higonet, Cassatt made the experience of tiny children's bodies a visceral pleasure, both for the mothers represented within her pictures and for us, the viewers of the pictures(Two ways of thinking about Cassatt).She goes further in explaining that Cassatt's picture joins the forms of mother and child. The integrity of the individual body, which we could also call its isola tion, is replaced by a formal fiction of merged bodies. Cassatt engages us in the joys of infant flesh. (Two ways of thinking about Cassatt). In comparing the two pictures by Cassatt and Manet, the differences in depiction of women is immense. In manet’s Olympia, the woman is depicted as an object, while in Cassatt’s Mother and child the woman is a subject. Mary Cassatt depicted the modern woman of the Paris. A feminist perspective of her work pervades most of the explanation and analysis of her work which describe her as expressing her

James Brown in 1960s America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

James Brown in 1960s America - Essay Example It is in large part a testament to his adaptability and creative genius that Brown’s music evolved through the ‘60’s with such apparent ease. Building on his musical roots in African-American jazz and blues, Brown reached out to a broader and increasingly-eclectic audience as the decade unfolded. Whereas his music had at first been performed for and pitched to a predominately black market, by the mid-‘60’s his hits were to be found on the pop as well as R&B charts. Evidence of his broad appeal and ability to appropriate new elements into his music is clearly heralded in his 1965 hit single Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag: Come here mama, and dig this crazy scene; He’s not too fancy, but his line is pretty clean. He ain’t no drag. Papa’s got a brand new bag. Listed among â€Å"Papa’s† new tricks was a series of new dance moves that were sweeping the nation and scandalizing parents—among them, the jerk, the fly, the monkey, and the mashed potato. Since very little art is produced in isolation, it is impossible to evaluate Brown’s music and his influence on the American music scene without also looking closely at the tumultuous changes that were straining the cultural fabric of 1960’s America. Much has been written about this remarkable decade and of the social movements that characterized it. In the short span of those ten years, Americans made their first flights into space, took dramatic strides toward ending segregation, became mired in a costly and unpopular war in Vietnam, and assassinated four of their most visionary leaders.

Sport and meida reading proof assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sport and meida reading proof assignment - Essay Example The behavior of people when conceiving visual sporting activities on television is different from newspapers and audio. Effective communication and expression is more attainable in visual images that are experienced in television. The diverse concepts addressed in sporting media plays central role in actively initiating mental reaction towards various activities. For instance, in the contemporary sports activities like Football and athletics, stadia are surrounded by several advertisements. The reason behind such advertisements is that people tend to associate images with events which have significant effect in the mind of the spectators. The aesthetical effect of sports in the mind is active and calls for insightful study of how images infiltrate thoughts that sound. Media has used this concept to tune the mind of the mass and provoke widespread politics in sports (Kirsten, 2007). According to Fransen, long period of exposure to television make people to begin developing a strong relationship with respect to media content. Considering the increasing popularity of football across the world, people tend to associate watching television with various European premier leagues and this in turn promotes media commitment to meet people’s

James Brown in 1960s America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

James Brown in 1960s America - Essay Example It is in large part a testament to his adaptability and creative genius that Brown’s music evolved through the ‘60’s with such apparent ease. Building on his musical roots in African-American jazz and blues, Brown reached out to a broader and increasingly-eclectic audience as the decade unfolded. Whereas his music had at first been performed for and pitched to a predominately black market, by the mid-‘60’s his hits were to be found on the pop as well as R&B charts. Evidence of his broad appeal and ability to appropriate new elements into his music is clearly heralded in his 1965 hit single Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag: Come here mama, and dig this crazy scene; He’s not too fancy, but his line is pretty clean. He ain’t no drag. Papa’s got a brand new bag. Listed among â€Å"Papa’s† new tricks was a series of new dance moves that were sweeping the nation and scandalizing parents—among them, the jerk, the fly, the monkey, and the mashed potato. Since very little art is produced in isolation, it is impossible to evaluate Brown’s music and his influence on the American music scene without also looking closely at the tumultuous changes that were straining the cultural fabric of 1960’s America. Much has been written about this remarkable decade and of the social movements that characterized it. In the short span of those ten years, Americans made their first flights into space, took dramatic strides toward ending segregation, became mired in a costly and unpopular war in Vietnam, and assassinated four of their most visionary leaders.

DiscussionAnalyzing Cost of Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DiscussionAnalyzing Cost of Capital - Essay Example In order to reduce this and attain an optimum capital structure the firm needs to determine the combinations of equity and debt that minimize the W.A.C.C. The effective use of that capital should also be considered, as there would be no need of accumulating large amounts of capital without necessary considerations of the projects that are supposed to be undertaken. The company should also consider the cost of raising the particular capital that it deems appropriate. This is measured by the marginal cost of capital. . To obtain finance a company will pay implicit costs which are commonly known as floatation costs (Rosemary, 2012). These include: Underwriting commission, Brokerage costs, cost of printing a prospectus, Commission costs, legal fees, audit costs, cost of printing share certificates, advertising costs etc. For debt there are legal fees, valuation costs (i.e. security, audit fees, Bankers commission etc.). The company needs to determine the combination of capital items that will minimize to a large extent the marginal cost of capital (M.C.C). The company also needs to consider leverage. This is the amount of debt used to finance a firm’s assets. A firm with significantly more debt than equity is considered to be more leveraged. A high degree of leverage increases the financial risk the company faces, as it may not be able to refinance such debt, leading to insolvency (Rosemary, 2012). An optimum capital structure needs has lower amounts of financial risk and sustainable levels of

Oracle Bone Essay Example for Free

Oracle Bone Essay Religion in Shang Dynasty Religious practice has always been an essential part of Chinese Culture. Even in the period of the Three Augusts and Five Kings, religious practices occurred. However, it is not until the Shang Dynasty when actually records of spiritual communication were founded. Oracle Bones were recorded of communication between human and spirits. The ritual of cracking oracle bones told what ancient Chinese concerned the most the relationship between spirits and nature. The intricate Oracle Bones not only reveal the religious aspect of the Shang Dynasty, but also relate the cultural and olitical system in ancient China. During the Shang Dynasty, Kings were granted the power to communicate with spirits. Mostly importantly, spirits informed kings about the unknowns. When Shang kings have questions regarding the future and their relationship with spirits, they assigned priests and shamans to become medium between human and spirits. When shamans were asked to foretell for the king, they drill hollows in shells and apply red- hot poker to these shells. They believed this ritual would attract spirits who were nearby to answer kings questions asked by shamans. Shamans main task was to nterpret spirits respond through the different cracks on shells. These kinds of predictions were said to be legitimate the kings were the ultimate representative of the spirit. Most of the time, kings requested to perform oracle bones divination to learn from spirits regarding the success of harvest, outcomes of battles, and schedule of sacrifices to spirits. For example, the King asked: Will Di order rain sufficient for harvest? (Eno 46). During earlier years of Shang Dynasty, the outcomes of harvests were more important to the people. Nevertheless, by the end of the Shang Dynasty, a large portion of divinations were performed to know the schedule and proper scarifications to spirits and ancestors. There were scarifications everyday for different ancestors and spirits according the results of divinations accumulated overtime. After oracle bone divinations were performed, kings would perform sacrifice to the assigned spirit at a specify time with appropriate goods. When an oracle divination indicated a negative answer from spirits, for instance defeat in battles, kings would then sacrifice to spirits hoping for spirits help to change the result. Shamans would slaughter animals and/or humans according to spirits preference. The result of appeasing spirits could lead spirits to provide extra helps for the people. On the other hand, if the king sacrifice the perfect quality and quantity of goods to a specify spirit but the king did not get his preference; kings could temporarily stop sacrificing to this spirit until the effect of previous scarifications were shown. Therefore, human scarification and spirits effectiveness created an economy between human and heaven. This economy applied more on the loyal level than the family level. During Shang Dynasty, family could only sacrifice to their own linage of ancestry. It was a crime to sacrifice to other linage of ancestries because only the king had this power. Family often sacrificed to hope ancestors would bless the family to have male children which can extend the family-tree. Thus, only the royal family had the Shang king can communicate and sacrifice to all linage of ancestries, which include Shen (natural deities), royal ancestors, and cultural heros. People in Shang Dynasty worship the greatest spirit Di (Tian). Yet Di do not receive any sacrifice ompare to other spirits. Tian, which is said to be equivalent to Di, was so powerful that other spirits could never match their power with D. Di was a significant factor of Shang peoples religious believe that was indicated in the oracle bones but Tian was not indicted in any evidences at all. On the other hand, Shang people viewed Shen as the power of nature, including power of earth, river, mountains, rain, thunder, and the power of directions, etc. in the early stage of Shang Dynasty, oracle bones divinations were directly performed to communicate with Shen to foretell harvest esults. Shen, unlike Di, did take sacrifice in order approve kings requests. For example, king asked, Shall we call upon Que to sacrifice a hound by fire to Cloud? (Eno 48). Thus, Shen was the second highly respected power after D. Shang kings also sacrifice to spirits of their royal ancestors, including parents, grandparents, forebears of ruling king, relatives. These spirits were located inside the royal familys palace, and their tablets were put together with other ancestors of the same family. Kings worshiped his linage of ancestors to hope they would bring fortune to the royal amily and the countries. When the current king died, he became part of his linage. Oracle bones divinations were use to communicate with royal ancestor spirits: Should we protect the kings eyes against Grandmother Ji? (Eno 49). Current kings Other families only sacrifice to their own linage as well. This ancestor worship ritual was established during the Shang Dynasty and is still performing in modern Chinese culture. Finally, kings also sacrificed to ancient cultural heroes, yet they were the less prominent group of spirits. Thus, religion practices in Shang Dynasty were an essential part of Chinese ultural before and in todays society. The use of oracle bones to predict future allowed reader to date the first actual evidence of Chinese religion. The written records left by Shang Dynasty created a clear picture of the cultural and politic aspects of ancient China as well. The relationship between human and spirits remains to be a significant part of Chinese peoples religious belief. I grew up practicing ancestor worship. Work Cited Eno, Robert. Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions. Religions Of China In Practice. Donald S. Lopez Jr. New Jersey: Princeton University press. 41-51

Napoleon Essay -- essays research papers

Guidance to Freedom or Just Another Tyrant?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When most people think of Napoleon Bonaparte they think of either a tyrant emperor or a brilliant war strategist. Maybe both are right but in whatever conclusion any person comes to, they will know he was a small man who accomplished many great things. Napoleon conquered countries and developed a mass empire, which led to his celebrity like fame. He was a man that respected cultures and every religion and even cried when his men died on the battlefield. Bonaparte was an amazing person who drove himself with great ambition to become one of the greatest leaders ever in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In life every great leader has had their own story to tell. Napoleon was born a Corsican, at Ajaccio, in 1769. He had seven brothers and sisters and he was also a descendent from the Florentine nobility. He moved to France and started school at the age of nine. At school he was picked on because of his Italian accent and because of his influent French. When he turned sixteen he joined the French artillery and became a lieutenant in a short period of time. Napoleon spent the next seven years reading the works of philosophers and educating himself in military matters, by studying the campaigns of great military leaders of the past. He then became a general and then in 1795 was appointed to stop an uprising in Paris and seceded in doing so. After stopping the uprising he was then given the position of commander in chief of the interior French army in Italy. In 1799 he was elected as the First Consul of France because the people were sick of the directory. He rose up in power in the military and also politically. He then formed his own empire and won many battles with his brilliance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bonaparte was an intelligent man with an extrodinary memory, while staying very open minded toward other people’s beliefs. As Vox states â€Å"When he had an hour for diversion, he not infrequently employed it in looking over a book of logarithms [†¦]. So retentive was his memory of numbers, that sums over which he had once glanced his eye were in his mind ever after (69).† If I lived in his empire I would at least respect Napoleon for his brilliance, his ability to memorize information, and his will to learn more. Although, Napoleon still had his flaws. He was still only human ... ...gh his extremely successful Italian campaigns, his revolutionary changes in the French government and battles against the Third Coalition Napoleon gave France total domination over Western Europe. France then became a great nation because of Napoleon’s brilliance and achievements as a leader. Works Citied Blair, Victor. Napoleon, The Man, Encapsulated. 10 Dec. 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Britt, Alber Sidney. The Wars of Napoleon. New Jersey: Avery Publishing Group Inc.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1985 Holtman, Robert. Napoleonic Propaganda. New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1969 Holtman, Robert. The Napoleonic Revolution. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1967 Markham, Felix. Napoleon and the Awakening of Europe. London: The English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Universities Press Ltd., 1954 Miller, Tom. Before Brumaire: Napoleon’s Development as a Ruler. 10 Dec. 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Naylor, John. Waterloo. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1960 Vance, Thomas. The Lost Voices of Napoleonic Historians. 10 Dec. 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vox, Maximilien. Napoleon. New York: Grove Press Inc., 1960

Education: Banking or Problem Posing? Essay -- essays research papers

Education: Banking or Problem Posing? Richard Rodriguez and Paolo Freire write of education as the core factor in one’s life. They feel that education itself lends people to either â€Å"achieve† greatness or fall into the majority of â€Å"bankers.† â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Rodriguez and â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education† by Freire greatly resemble each other; however, they also differ on some points. Despite their differences, both texts come to the same conclusion – education makes a person who he/she can become. Rodriguez and Freire both state that education is vital for success. Rodriguez writes that he is the way he is because of his education. Rodriguez came from a working class Mexican family. When he was introduced to education, he became ashamed of this and chose to change his path from falling into the same social status. Rodriguez is known as he is today because of his ability to step back; out of the present situation or environment and reflect on it almost immediately. Rodriguez agrees that banking does nothing to better education or society itself. If no new ideas are ever surfaced, then progress will never occur. He was the same as everyone else until he started to analyze texts and paraphrase more than just summarize. This made him the â€Å"scholarship boy† that he was. By learning to use his education wisely and make connections between different texts, he heightened his intelligence. A key element that Rodriguez and Freire both speak of is banking education. Fre...

Sabah Issue

The armed intrusion into Sabah by Sulu terrorists is a blow to the progress of the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines-East Asean Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), says BIMP-EAGA Malaysia Business Council chairman Datuk Roselan Johar Mohamed. Expressing profound dismay over the incident, he called on BIMP-EAGA member countries to go back to the original status quo, focusing more on accelerating economic development in the four countries in a safe and conducive manner.Quoting the age-old saying â€Å"we cannot negotiate if you are pointing a gun at me†, Roselan said that it was true in the context of the sub-regional grouping, which was launched in 1994. â€Å"We must all retract and go back to the drawing board, rethink and revisit our strategy and go back to the negotiating table,† he told Bernama.Roselan was commenting on the recent statement by Former Philippines’ President Fidel Ramos with regard to the standoff in Lahad Datu in the east coast of Sabah , that the BIMP-EAGA should be revived by the countries concerned as the grouping was the key to improve the people’s conditions in south Philippines, Borneo Island and adjacent areas. â€Å"The BIMP-EAGA is the win-win strategy if we are looking from the perspective of a better, more prosperous, more peaceful, more harmonious and more sustainable future for all peoples,† Ramos was quoted as saying.Ramos said the potentials of the BIMP-EAGA were so great that even foreign local governments such as Australia’s Northern Territory and Western Australia states had joined the grouping as associates. Ramos said that during his administration, he tried to set up a corporation that would develop the BIMP-EAGA sub-region. The company is to be jointly run by Malaysia, the Sulu Sultanate’s heirs and private sector partners.The company’s revenue can substitute the annual RM5,300 as the rent to the sultanate’s heirs, Ramos said. In this respect, Roselan acknowledged Ramos’ role in the establisment of BIMP-EAGA, saying that the Former Philippines’ President was both vocal and wise when he initiated the BIMP-EAGA concept together with Malaysia’s former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.

Joy of My Life

Joy of My Life Shirley Evans English 121 Professor Jen Miller January 20, 2013 Joy of My Life I never considered myself blessed in anything, or knew the purpose of my life, until the birth of my grandson. Robert is my first grandchild and greatest blessing God has given me, and the center of my universe for which I give thanks every day. His life started with difficulties, but his unquenchable elan has brought joy to those who meet him. Robert entered my life on Monday, February 23, 2009 at 2:28 in the afternoon; weighing 2lbs. 4 ounces and measuring 16 inches long. He arrived two months premature, and reminded me of a baby doll with wrinkled skin covering his tiny arms and legs. Set below perfectly arched blonde eyebrows were eyes so dark as to appear black, and opened wide to make them look enormous. A conical shaped head covered with platinum blonde hair made his sunken cheeks stand out; giving him the appearance of an alien. I fell in love the instant I saw him and my love grows immeasurably with every passing day. Robert developed at a rapid pace despite being born prematurely.During a stay with us one weekend, I laid him on his back atop a blanket spread on the floor for him to roll on. He rolled onto his stomach raising his head up; arms swinging out at his sides with legs kicking trying to crawl. He reminded me of a turtle poking out of its shell, slowly inching his way off the blanket. To this day my daughter still calls him turtle after witnessing his attempt to crawl. Once he learns to walk, there is no holding him back; he joyfully goes through life with smiles on his face and laughter in his voice.Robert is growing to be a precocious child who quickly turns independent. He stands proud with arms akimbo as he proclaims he can dress himself, and I settle back into my chair to watch him put his arms in the sleeves of his shirt, and tuck his shirt tails into his jeans. I am shocked to realize how quickly he is growing as he struggles with fastening his jeans, but is quite adamant in doing it himself; he asks for help with his belt only after trying to buckle it on his own. One of the things I enjoyed teaching Robert was bedtime prayers.I have shown him how to interlace his fingers and clasp his hands together. Closing our eyes as we bowed our heads together, I recited his prayers as he repeated after me. He no longer allows me to say prayers with him, and he does not know all of the words yet, but ends his prayer blessing everyone he loves in the sweetest tiniest voice. He looks up at me with a smile on his angelic face and says â€Å"now it is your turn grandma. † Pictures of Robert depict how cute he is, but in person he leaves you with a more accurate portrait of how adorable he actually is.Robert brings smiles and happiness to everyone he meets with his robust attitude. Sporting a child sized black Stetson cowboy hat perched atop his blonde head, down to feet encased with green and yellow John Deere boots, he exudes im pish joy. He will nonchalantly say he is not my little man, but everyone’s little man. I do not argue with his statement as it is true. Robert loves everyone in his life and they love him. People say the greatest joy of being a grandparent is spoiling the child then sending them home.I am no exception to this rule, although I never want to send him home. Time speeds by like a blink of an eye when I have him, and it feels like he just arrived when it is time for him to leave. It fills my heart close to bursting when he sees me and comes running with his arms stretched wide to throw his petite frame into my arms to hug my neck screaming â€Å"grandma! † The joy he brings to my life is truly a blessing from God above, and one I treasure more than life itself. I contemplate if having my son, who helped create my joy called Robert, has been the purpose for my life.